分类： aa

According to Article 157 of the Civil Code, the consequences of an invalid contract include the return of property, compensation for discount and compensation for losses. Today, we reprint the article "Analysis on the Application Points of the Handling Rules of Invalid Contracts in the Civil Code" published by WeChat official account of the Supreme People’s Court Judicial Case Research Institute, and discuss the general handling rules of invalid contracts with you.

1. Although an invalid contract does not produce the legal effect expected by the parties, it does not mean that it has no legal consequences.

analysis

A contract that is confirmed invalid or cancelled shall be invalid from the beginning. The so-called invalidity means that the actor’s expression of will is not recognized by law, and the contents of his rights and obligations of establishing, changing and terminating creditor’s rights and debts do not produce the legal effects expected by the parties. However, invalidity does not mean that there are no legal consequences. The so-called legal consequences refer to the obligation to return property, the liability for compensation for losses and other consequences that the parties to an invalid or revocable contract should bear according to law based on the legal facts (events) of invalid or revoked behavior.

2. Consequences of invalid contract include property return, discount compensation and compensation for losses.

analysis

According to Article 157 of the Civil Code, the consequences of an invalid contract include the return of property, compensation for discount and compensation for losses. Return of property, that is, after the contract is confirmed to be invalid, one party has no basis for legal possession of the property obtained, and the property obtained on this basis should be returned to the other party, and the other party has the right to claim for return of the delivered property. The return of property is mainly applicable to the actual performance of the contract. If the contract has not been performed or the property has not been delivered, this method is not applicable. Discount compensation, that is, after the contract is confirmed invalid, the return of property is not realistic or necessary or the cost of returning property is too high, and the property relationship can be restored to its original state by means of discount compensation. Compensation for losses, that is, after the contract is confirmed to be invalid, if the contract is invalid, the party at fault shall compensate the other party for the losses thus suffered; If all parties are at fault, they shall bear their respective responsibilities.

3. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the responsibilities of the parties shall be reasonably determined according to the principle of good faith, and the dishonest parties shall not benefit from the invalidity of the contract.

analysis

When determining the scope of property return or discount compensation after the contract is invalid, it should be reasonably distributed among the parties according to the requirements of the principle of good faith, so that the dishonest parties can not benefit from the invalidation of the contract. The core point is that when the contract is invalid, the liability of the parties for contracting fault should not exceed the interests of contract performance. For example, according to Article 793 of the Civil Code, the construction contract of a construction project is invalid. If the construction project has passed the completion acceptance, the contractor can be compensated at a discount according to the contract, but unless a new project beyond the contract is added, it should generally not exceed the project payment agreed in the contract. In practice, there are some similar situations. For example, in the case of housing price increase, developers take the initiative to request to confirm the invalidity of the contract on the grounds that they have not obtained a valid pre-sale permit, trying to benefit from the invalidity of the contract; For another example, in the case that small property houses can get huge compensation due to expropriation, some sellers bring a lawsuit to the court to request that the sale of small property houses be invalid, with the aim of trying to benefit by confirming that the contract is invalid. For this dishonest practice, it is necessary to balance the interests of the parties through reasonable distribution of interests, which not only determines the contract to be invalid according to law, but also maintains and promotes the construction of an honest society.

4. Whether the parties to an invalid contract should return property to each other sometimes depends on the specific case, the specific contract type and the specific subject matter.

analysis

Article 59 of the original Contract Law stipulates: "If the parties collude maliciously and harm the interests of the state, the collective or the third party, the property thus obtained shall be owned by the state or returned to the collective or the third party." In other words, the malicious offender has no right to claim the return of property, and the corresponding property should be owned by the state or returned to the collective or the third party. The relevant judicial interpretations in the Supreme People’s Court have retained the spirit of this provision. For example, Article 20 of the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Disputes over Foreign-invested Enterprises stipulates: "If the contract between the actual investor and the nominal shareholder of a foreign-invested enterprise is deemed invalid due to malicious collusion, which harms the interests of the state, the collective or the third party, the people’s court shall confiscate the property thus obtained or return it to the collective or the third party."

5. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, it shall be judged whether the parties shall bear the responsibility of property return according to the nature of the subject matter of the contract and the request of the parties.

analysis

After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the existence of the original object of the contract is the prerequisite for the parties to assume the responsibility of returning the property. If the subject matter is a specific object, if the original object exists, it must be returned; If the original does not exist, it should compensate the corresponding price or kind, but it cannot be forced to return the original, because it is impossible at this time. If the subject matter of the contract is a kind of thing, if the subject matter of the contract has been lost or consumed by the wrong party, the wrong party may also take measures to compensate for the loss without returning the same kind of subject matter, but if the non-wrong party insists on returning the subject matter, the wrong party must return it, and the losses (such as price difference) and various expenses caused by it shall be borne by the wrong party.

6. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the parties shall bear the responsibility for property return, and the principle of fault liability shall not apply.

analysis

After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the parties bear the responsibility for property return, which is not an economic sanction and is not punitive, so the principle of fault liability cannot be applied. Regardless of whether the parties are at fault in concluding the contract, the property acquired and occupied according to the invalid contract should be returned to the other party because there is no legal basis.

7. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the factors of property appreciation or depreciation should be fully considered when determining the return of property.

analysis

After the bilateral contract is invalid, both parties shall return the property acquired by the contract to each other. If the equity, house and other property that should be returned increase or decrease in value relative to the contract price, the people’s court should comprehensively consider the correlation between market factors, the transferee’s operation or attachment and the increase or decrease in value of the property, and rationally allocate or share it among the parties to avoid one party benefiting from the invalidity of the contract. In a word, in the case of property appreciation or depreciation, how to distribute or share the losses reasonably among the parties? First, we should consider market factors and distribute the appreciation or depreciation part reasonably among the parties. The so-called reasonable distribution is to consider the degree of their respective faults in the invalidity of the contract and whether there are factors that benefit from the invalidity of the contract. For the party who tries to benefit from the invalid contract system, you can consider less points or even no points. Second, we should consider the relationship between the transferee’s operation or attachment behavior and the appreciation and depreciation of property. Business behavior is mainly applicable to the occasion of equity return, while attachment behavior is mainly but not limited to the occasion of real estate return. For example, if the buyer of a house transforms the house after buying the house, which leads to the appreciation of the house, he should first consider the part of its attachment behavior on the appreciation of the house, and then consider the influence of market factors. Of course, if the equity, houses, etc. depreciate, the losses should be shared between the two parties according to the same rules.

8. When both parties to an invalid contract have the obligation to return it, unless otherwise agreed, both parties shall return it at the same time.

analysis

In a bilateral contract, each party’s respective payment constitutes a treatment payment. Even if the contract is invalid, the obligations of both parties to return the subject matter and the price still constitute payment. If the parties have not made a special agreement on the return, they should perform it at the same time, that is, before one party makes payment, the other party can refuse the other party’s request for return. This is also the legal basis that even the transferor who has the right to claim the return of the original can not rule out the execution of the general creditor before returning the price.

9. The scope of property returned by an invalid contract includes fruits.

analysis

There are theoretical differences on whether the scope of returning property to an invalid contract includes fruits. One view is that whether the possessor is in good faith or bad faith should be distinguished: the possessor is a bona fide possessor who is not at fault for the invalidity of the contract and does not need to return the fruits; On the other hand, if it is at fault for the invalidity of the contract, it belongs to the malicious possessor and should return the fruits. Generally speaking, whether it is bona fide possession or malicious possession, it is unauthorized possession. Since it has no right to possess, no matter whether it is a bona fide possessor or a malicious possessor, it has no right to obtain the fruits. In other words, the scope of returning property should include fruits. The difference is that bona fide possession is different from malicious possession after all. In order to distinguish it from malicious possession, it can request the obligee to pay the necessary expenses for maintaining the real estate or chattel. Article 460th of the Civil Code stipulates: "If the real estate or chattel is occupied by the possessor, the obligee may request the return of the original property and its fruits; However, the necessary expenses incurred by the bona fide possessor for maintaining the immovable property or movable property shall be paid. " It is this spirit that is embodied.

10. Whether an invalid contract should return interest should be specifically determined according to different contract types.

analysis

Money often appears in the form of consideration in bilateral contracts such as buying, selling and leasing other than loan contracts. If such a contract is invalid, the possession of the subject matter by the buyer and lessee from the conclusion of the contract to the return of the subject matter to the transferor and lessor constitutes unauthorized possession, and in theory, the use fee should be paid to the transferor and lessor. On the contrary, the transferor and lessor shall also pay the capital occupation fee to the buyer and lessee. The use fee and the capital occupation fee completely meet the conditions of legal offset. Once offset, their respective debts will be eliminated. Therefore, before one party returns the original, the other party only has to pay the principal, without paying interest. However, if a contract specifically targeting money is invalid, such as a loan contract, the occupier of funds shall pay interest in principle. There are different views on whether to pay according to the loan interest rate or the deposit interest rate. Generally speaking, the loan interest rate is higher than the deposit interest rate, so it is obviously more beneficial to the obligee to refer to the loan interest rate than to refer to the deposit. The reasoning basis of referring to the loan interest rate is that one party needs to borrow from the bank to obtain the same funds, so it should refer to the loan interest rate. The reasoning basis of referring to the deposit interest rate is that the funder does not need to borrow money from the bank, so the loss is only the deposit interest in the same period. We believe that in commercial trials, in principle, payment should be made with reference to the loan interest rate. It should be noted that in order to deepen the interest rate marketization reform, since August 20, 2019, the People’s Bank of China has authorized the National Interbank Funding Center to announce the loan market quotation rate (LPR) at 9: 30 on the 20th of each month (postponed in case of holidays).And canceled the benchmark loan rate of the People’s Bank of China. In this case, the interest in the future shall be based on the quoted interest rate of the loan market published by the National Interbank Funding Center.

11. The claim for property return in case of invalid contract can generally resist the execution of money creditors, but it is not the case when both parties of invalid contract have mutual obligation to return.

analysis

According to the provisions of Article 124 of Minutes of the Ninth People’s Meeting, in the execution of monetary creditor’s rights, if the effective judgment on the basis of which the outsider raises the objection to execution determines that the contract (such as the sales contract) for the purpose of transferring ownership is invalid, and then orders the outsider to return the subject matter of execution, at this time, the outsider enjoys the right of claim for return in the nature of real right, which can exclude the execution of monetary creditor’s rights. However, in the case that the bilateral contract is invalid, both parties are obligated to return the money. If the outsider is allowed to exclude the execution of the monetary creditor’s rights, it will make the application executor unable to execute both the property under the name of the person subjected to execution and the money that should have been returned to the person subjected to execution, which is obviously unfair. In order to balance the interests of all parties, the enforcement of ordinary creditors can only be ruled out if the outsider has returned the price. On the other hand, if the outsider fails to return the price, execution cannot be ruled out.

12, the property return claim under the condition of invalid contract, its nature is the property right to return the original claim, rather than the creditor’s right to claim unjust enrichment.

analysis

In the case that a bilateral contract, such as a house sales contract, is invalid, the buyer needs to return the house to the seller, and the seller needs to return the price to the buyer. The so-called claim for property return here mainly refers to the seller’s right to request the buyer to return the house. Regarding the nature of property return, there are two viewpoints: the claim of unjust enrichment in the nature of creditor’s rights and the claim of original property in the nature of real rights. Generally speaking, after the contract is invalid or revoked, the change of property right based on the contract also loses its foundation, which naturally produces the effect of property right rotation, and the transferor enjoys the right to claim the original property in the nature of property right claim. Only when the original cannot be returned or there is no need to return it, the right of claim for returning the original can be transformed into the right of claim for unjust enrichment. China’s legislation does not adopt the theory of real right act, and it does not recognize the independence and non-causation of real right act, so this view is generally said in academic circles.

13. The limitation of action does not apply to the claim for the return of property in the case of invalid contract.

analysis

Whether the limitation of action applies to the right of claim for returning property depends on the identification of its nature, that is, whether it is the right of claim for unjust enrichment or the right of claim for real right. As mentioned above, according to the general theory of academic circles, the property return claim in the case of invalid contract is the property return claim in the nature of property right, not the unjust enrichment claim in the nature of creditor’s rights. As a kind of power of real right, the claim of real right does not apply to the limitation of action.

14. In an invalid contract, the discount compensation is a substitute for the return of property, and the two can only be exercised either way, not at the same time.

analysis

The consequences of an invalid contract include the return of property, discount compensation and compensation for losses. Among them, the return of property belongs to the claim of real right in nature, and when the property cannot be returned or the parties think it is unnecessary to return it, it will be converted into the discount compensation of the claim of unjust enrichment. It can be seen that the discount compensation is a substitute for the return of property, and the two can only be exercised alternatively, not at the same time.

15, invalid contract does not exist the obligee must first exercise the right to return the original claim, only in the case of unable to exercise can request discount compensation.

analysis

The return of property and discount compensation are the legal consequences of invalid contracts. In the case that the contract is invalid, even if the original thing exists and the obligee thinks it is unnecessary to return the original thing, he can also request the discount compensation, and it is not necessary to request the return of the original thing. After all, it is the freedom, not the obligation, of the obligee to choose which right to exercise. In this regard, there is no problem that the obligee must first exercise the right to claim the return of the original property, and only when he cannot exercise it can he request the discount compensation.

16, invalid contract discount compensation rules don’t consider goodwill, just when distributing the benefits or losses to consider the fault or goodwill of the parties.

analysis

Although the discount compensation for invalid contracts belongs to unjust enrichment in nature, it is still different from the traditional unjust enrichment system in civil law. The traditional unjust enrichment system in civil law distinguishes between good faith and bad faith and applies different handling rules. On the one hand, when the existing interests do not exist, the bona fide parties are not responsible for the return, and the malicious parties should still be responsible for the return. On the other hand, the malicious parties not only need to return the existing interests, but also need to pay the interests generated by the existing interests. If the losses exceed the interests, they will also be liable for damages. The discount compensation rule basically does not consider goodwill and malice, but only considers the fault or goodwill of the parties when distributing benefits or losses, but it is also significantly different from goodwill and malice in unjust enrichment occasions. The so-called goodwill and malice in the return of unjust enrichment refers to whether you know the fact that you can’t get benefits, while the discount compensation should consider whether the parties are at fault for the invalidity of the contract and whether they have the motivation to benefit from the invalidity of the contract.

17. The discount compensation for an invalid contract shall be based on the transfer amount agreed in the contract, and the part above or below the transfer amount shall be fairly distributed or shared in combination with the loss or resale income of the subject matter.

analysis

Discount compensation is the right of claim for the return of unjust enrichment enjoyed by the parties when the original cannot be returned due to factual or legal reasons. On the issue of discount compensation, the transfer money agreed in the contract between the parties should be used as the basis of discount compensation, and then compared with the value compensation obtained when the subject matter is lost or the price available at the time of resale. The part higher or lower than the transfer money should be distributed or shared among the parties according to certain rules, so as to realize the balance of interests between the parties. In the case of loss of the subject matter, if the parties have obtained insurance money, compensation or compensation, they shall return it to the assignor. If the compensation is lower than the transfer payment, the difference between the transfer payment and the compensation shall be reasonably shared among the parties; If there is no compensation, the losses shall be shared between the two parties within the limit of the total transfer amount. In the case that the subject matter is resold to others, the consideration obtained at the time of resale belongs to the interests obtained by the parties because of the subject matter, and the part of the benefits that is higher or lower than the transfer amount agreed in the contract should also be reasonably distributed or shared among the parties.

18. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, if the property acquired by the parties does not meet the conditions for return or in order to prevent the loss from expanding, the parties may not return it, but they should make compensation at a discount.

analysis

It is a general principle that the property acquired by the parties should be returned after the contract is confirmed to be invalid. If, after the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the property acquired by the parties does not meet the conditions for return, such as contracts for construction projects and contracting, or part or all of the subject matter of the contract has been sold, used or damaged, lost or possessed by a third party in good faith, the parties may not return it at this time. In addition, although some properties have the conditions for return, they should not be returned in order to prevent the expansion of losses. For example, goods that are not in the local area should be repackaged and consigned in other places, which will increase the cost and loss. Generally, it is not appropriate to return the original goods, but should be treated on the spot and compensated at a discount. However, if the innocent party insists on the return of the subject matter that is a specific object, it shall be an exception, and the expenses shall be borne by the innocent party.

19. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the property acquired by the party concerned has been acquired by a third party in good faith, and the original is irreplaceable. The party concerned may not return it, but it shall be compensated at a discount according to the current market price of the property.

analysis

After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, whether the parties should return the acquired property is limited by the bona fide acquisition system. That is, when one party transfers the property to a third party, and the third party has no fault subjectively when obtaining the property, and does not know or should not know that the contract between the party and the other party is invalid or cancelled, the third party in good faith can not return the original, and the original is irreplaceable. At this time, the party cannot return the property, and must compensate the other party at the current market price of the property.

20. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the property acquired by the parties has been lost, which makes it impossible or unnecessary to return it, and the original is irreplaceable. The parties may not return it, but they should make compensation at a discount.

analysis

After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the property acquired by the parties has been lost, which makes it impossible to return the original, and the original is irreplaceable. In this case, the party who obtains the property shall make discount compensation according to the current market price of the original. There is no need to return it, mainly including the following two situations: (1) If the property accepted by the parties is a service or interest and cannot be restored to its original state in nature, it will be returned in money at the price stipulated by the state at that time; If there is no price stipulated by the state, it shall be calculated based on the market price or the remuneration standard of similar services and returned in money. (2) If one party obtains the benefits from the use of intellectual property rights, since the intellectual property rights are intangible, that party may compensate the other party at a discount.

21. If the parties still suffer losses after the invalid contract returns the property, the parties may claim damages at the same time, but the phenomenon of double profit or double damage should be avoided.

analysis

This problem involves the relationship between damages and the return of property. The return of property involved in the case of invalid contract includes the discount compensation when it is impossible or unnecessary to return it. Whether it is the return of property or the discount compensation, the factors of property depreciation and appreciation have been fully considered. In the case of property appreciation, there is generally no problem of damages. In the case of property depreciation, the losses caused by property depreciation should be shared among the parties according to the principle of good faith. As a result, Article 35 of the Minutes of the Ninth People’s Meeting stipulates that, on the one hand, if the return of property alone is not enough to make up for the losses, one party may also request the other party at fault to bear the liability for damages; On the other hand, it also stipulates that when determining the scope of damages, it is necessary to reasonably determine the liability according to the degree of fault of the parties, and also consider the factors of property appreciation or depreciation that have been considered when determining the scope of property return, so as to avoid the phenomenon of double profit or double damage.

22, the constitutive requirements of the liability for compensation after the contract is invalid.

analysis

If a contract is invalid and bears the liability for compensation, it shall meet the following constitutive requirements:

(1) There are damage facts or losses. According to the general theory, the legal liability for compensation for losses caused by the invalidity of the contract belongs to the liability for contracting fault in legal nature, not the liability for breach of contract or tort. The loss caused by contracting fault is the loss of reliance interest, that is, the actual loss suffered by the other party because of relying on the validity of the contract, excluding the loss of available interest.

(2) One party is at fault. This is the essential element of a party’s liability for compensation for losses due to the invalidity of the contract. Only one party is at fault can bear the corresponding civil legal liability.

(3) There is a causal relationship between fault and loss.

23, the correct division of invalid contract liability for property damage, should be treated differently according to the fault behavior of the parties.

analysis

Before the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the losses caused by the property acquired by the parties in performing the contract as agreed, or the expenses paid for preparing to perform the contract, shall be borne by the fault liability that caused the contract to be invalid; The losses caused by the breach of contract by the parties in the performance of the contract, that is, the losses caused by new faults in the performance process, such as the supplier submitting goods that do not meet the agreed quality, the supplier failing to deliver the goods according to the contract, and the buyer failing to pay for the goods, are all caused by the unilateral breach of contract, and should be borne by the actor alone, not by the responsible party that causes the contract to be invalid.

24. The damages for invalid contracts are compensation for fault in contracting in nature, and the principles and methods of liability for fault in contracting are applicable.

analysis

The loss caused by the invalidity of the contract is caused by the negligence of both parties in the process of entering into the contract through consultation. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the loss suffered by one party based on its trust in the other party is caused by the negligence in the process of concluding the contract, and its claim for compensation based on the liability for negligence in concluding the contract conforms to the objective process of the development of things.

25. If one party to an invalid contract commits a vicious illegal act, it has no right to claim damages.

analysis

The compensation for the loss of invalid contract must be based on the condition that the compensated party has no vicious illegal act, that is, it has unintentionally violated the national interests and social public interests. That is to say, one party who commits a vicious illegal act has no right to compensation. If both parties commit a vicious illegal act, neither party has the right to compensation. However, for an invalid contract, the vicious illegal behavior of one party does not affect the right of compensation of the other party without fault.

26. The principle of fault liability shall apply to the compensation for the damages caused by invalid contracts; If both parties are at fault, the principle of fault offset should also be applied.

analysis

After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the party liable for compensation must be at fault, that is, the principle of fault liability shall be applied to the compensation for the damage caused by the invalid contract, and the severity of the fault of the party shall be taken as a standard for the division of responsibility. If the parties are not at fault, they will not be liable for compensation. If both parties are at fault, no matter whether one party suffers losses or both parties suffer losses, the principle of fault offset should be applied, and both parties should bear corresponding responsibilities to each other according to the degree and nature of their own faults.

27. The scope of the property loss of an invalid contract shall be limited to the actual loss, which does not include the loss of the interests of the compensated party.

analysis

Article 157 of the Civil Code stipulates clearly that "the party at fault shall compensate the other party for the losses thus suffered", that is, the principle of invalid contract to compensate the actual losses. The actual loss is different from the actual loss of the parties to a valid contract. The actual loss of the parties to a valid contract includes the loss of the parties’ available interests, but the actual loss of an invalid contract does not include the loss of the parties’ available interests.

28. When determining the liability of the parties to an invalid contract for compensation of reliance interest, the scope of reliance interest cannot be determined by referring to the contract.

analysis

On the one hand, when the contract is invalid, the agreed liquidated damages and other provisions are naturally invalid and cannot be used as the basis for determining the liability for contracting negligence. On the other hand, when the contract is valid, the agreed liability for breach of contract is not necessary to have actual losses, and the non-breaching party does not need to prove that it has suffered actual losses. In the case of invalid contract, if one party requests the other party to bear the responsibility for contracting fault, it must prove that it has suffered actual losses. This is also the reason why we can’t refer to the contract to determine the liability for fault in contracting. It should be noted that Article 793 of the Civil Code stipulates that the construction contract of a construction project is invalid, but if the construction project is qualified after completion and acceptance, the contractor may request the employer to make discount compensation according to the contract agreement on the project payment. When the construction project is completed and accepted and the contract is invalid, the employer’s possession of the construction project constitutes unjust enrichment, and the so-called project payment requested by the contractor with reference to the valid contract belongs to unjust enrichment rather than damages in nature. For another example, a continuing contract, such as a lease contract, is invalid. If the lessee fails to pay the rent for the part that has been performed, the benefits obtained by occupying the lease item also constitute unjust enrichment, which can be handled with reference to the effective contract. In the above two cases, the return of unjust enrichment is handled with reference to the effective contract, while the liability for fault in contracting is handled with reference to the liability for breach of contract agreed in the contract.

29. The loss of reliance interest caused by invalid contract is limited to property loss, excluding personal injury or mental damage.

analysis

The loss of reliance interest belongs to property loss, excluding personal injury or mental damage. If a party suffers personal injury or mental damage in the process of concluding a contract, he shall make a request according to the relevant provisions of the Tort Liability of the Civil Code, but not based on the liability for negligence in concluding a contract.

30. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid or revoked, the compensation amount of the reliance interest that the victim should receive should not exceed all the benefits that should be obtained if the contract is valid and actually performed.

analysis

In nature, the compensation for loss of invalid contract is compensation for fault in contracting, and the principles and methods of liability for fault in contracting are applicable. Therefore, the object of compensation for loss refers to the loss of trust interests. The composition of trust interest should meet three conditions, that is, the two parties make reasonable contact for contracting, one party generates trust because of the other party’s behavior, and the other party spends a certain cost because of trust. The damage of reliance interest refers to the loss of the victim’s existing property. This kind of loss is limited to direct loss, which generally includes: reasonable expenses for contacting the other party and visiting the field because of trusting the other party’s invitation or invitation; Reasonable expenses incurred in making various preparations for signing a contract; Reasonable expenses for negotiation. The loss of reliance interest generally does not include indirect losses such as missed opportunity loss, otherwise, reliance interest may be rambling and unduly increase the responsibility of the parties. In short, in principle, the compensation of reliance interest cannot exceed the performance interest. That is to say, after the contract is confirmed to be invalid or revoked, the compensation amount of the trust interest that the victim should get should not exceed all the benefits that should be obtained if the contract is valid and actually performed.

31. Whether the loss of reliance interest after the contract is invalid should be fully compensated should be determined according to the actual situation of the case.

analysis

Damage compensation within the scope of trust interests is not necessarily full compensation. Even if it belongs to the trust interest, whether it should be fully compensated should be determined according to the actual situation of the case. If some expenses incurred in the process of contracting belong to expenses incurred even without contracting, they should not be compensated; If expenses are paid for preparing for the performance of the contract, but benefits are gained at the same time, the benefits shall be deducted before calculating the expenses; Equipment, tools, etc. purchased to prepare for the performance of the contract should also consider whether there are other uses after the contract is invalid.

32, after the contract is invalid, the compensation for damage to reliance interests shall be subject to the negligence offset rule.

analysis

The rule of negligence offset should be applied to the compensation for the damage of trust interests. If the contract is invalid and the victim is at fault, the victim should bear corresponding responsibilities according to his own fault degree. Article 157 of the Civil Code stipulates that "if both parties are at fault, they shall bear corresponding responsibilities", which is the embodiment of this rule.

33. Whether the loss caused by the damage or loss of the subject matter of an invalid contract belongs to the actual loss of an invalid contract depends on whether the loss is caused by the fault of one or both parties in concluding an invalid contract.

analysis

If the subject matter of an invalid contract has been damaged or lost, if it is caused by the fault liability of one or both parties in concluding the invalid contract and the subject matter cannot be returned, the loss of the subject matter is the actual loss of the invalid contract; If the subject matter cannot be completely returned, the returned part is not a loss, and the loss of the failed part is the actual loss of the invalid contract. If it is caused by the new fault liability of one or both parties during the performance of the invalid contract, and the subject matter cannot be returned, the loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the party in fault and cannot be regarded as the actual loss of the invalid contract.

34. The losses caused by new faults in the process of performing an invalid contract do not belong to the actual losses of the invalid contract.

analysis

To determine the actual loss of an invalid contract, we must correctly distinguish whether the loss is caused by the fault of concluding the invalid contract or by the new fault in the process of performing the invalid contract. If it is the economic loss caused by the former, it is the actual loss of the invalid contract, and the party at fault that caused the contract to be invalid shall be responsible for compensation; If it is the economic loss caused by the latter, it is not the actual loss of the invalid contract, and the party at fault who caused the economic loss should be responsible for compensation. For example, the loss of the subject matter caused by improper custody of one party, the extra expenses incurred by the subject matter being sent to the destination by mistake due to negligence of one party, etc.

35. The bank loan interest payable by the parties to an invalid contract cannot be regarded as the actual loss of the invalid contract.

analysis

If the loan contract is invalid, the loan interest cannot be regarded as the actual loss of the invalid contract and shall be borne by the party responsible for the fault. Because the bank loan interest is legal interest, which is part of the loan. If it is assumed as the actual loss of an invalid contract, it will actually harm the interests of the creditor bank. Even if the borrower is at fault and bears part of the interest, this does not reflect the fault liability of the parties, because the part borne by the borrower is its original legal obligation. It can be seen that the loan contract is invalid and the loan interest is not the actual loss of the invalid contract. If other contracts are invalid, and the parties to the invalid contract use the loan to perform the invalid contract, the bank loan interest payable for this purpose shall be regarded as the actual loss of the invalid contract, and the party responsible for the fault that caused the contract to be invalid shall be liable for compensation.

36. The expenses incurred by the parties to an invalid contract in engaging a lawyer in litigation cannot be regarded as the actual loss of the invalid contract.

analysis

The expenses incurred by the parties to an invalid contract in engaging a lawyer in litigation are not the losses caused by the fault liability of the parties in concluding the invalid contract, but the expenses voluntarily incurred by the parties in engaging a lawyer to represent them in litigation, so they cannot be regarded as the actual losses of the invalid contract.

37. The property that should be recovered by the parties to an invalid contract according to law does not belong to the actual loss of the invalid contract.

analysis

Recovering property is the economic sanction imposed by the state on a seriously invalid contract, that is, on one or both parties to the contract who intentionally violate the national interests or social public interests. Therefore, the property that should be recovered by the parties to an invalid contract according to law does not belong to the actual loss of the invalid contract.

38. If the subject matter of an invalid contract has been legally acquired by a third party in whole or in part, its loss belongs to the actual loss of the invalid contract.

analysis

Where the subject matter of an invalid contract has been legally acquired by a third party in whole or in part, if the subject matter has been legally acquired by a third party and cannot be returned, the value of the subject matter shall be calculated and paid by one party to the other; If part of the subject matter has been legally acquired by a third party, and part of it is still in one party, and it cannot be returned in full, part of the subject matter in one party shall be returned to the other party, and the value of part of the subject matter legally acquired by a third party shall be calculated, and the party liable for return shall pay it to the other party; If part of the subject matter has been legally acquired by a third party, and part of it has been lost and cannot be returned, the above methods can be applied analogously.

39. The starting time of property losses caused by an invalid contract shall be determined according to whether the contract has been performed or not.

analysis

The starting time of property losses caused by invalid contracts can be summarized as follows: for contracts that have begun to be performed, it starts from the date of performance; A contract that has not yet been performed shall be counted from the time when the offer takes effect or when the contract is formally established. This understanding is mainly to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the innocent parties.

40. If the contract is confirmed invalid after the expiration of the performance period, the deadline for calculating the property loss of the invalid contract shall be the expiration date of the performance period of the invalid contract.

analysis

If the contract is confirmed to be invalid after the expiration of the contract performance period, the end date should be the date when the contract performance period is confirmed to be invalid, which is both the final date of contract performance and the end date of invalid behavior. The loss before this date is of course the loss of invalid contract (here refers to the situation that the invalid contract has been performed); After that, the property acquired by the parties has changed from the acquisition agreed in the contract to the unilateral illegal possession, and the legal relationship of obtaining the property has changed from the contractual debt to the tort debt. At this time, the loss should be caused by tort, not by the invalidity of the contract, and the compensation for the loss should be borne by the infringer, not by the contractor.

41. If the contract is confirmed to be invalid before the expiration of the performance period, the deadline for calculating the property loss of the invalid contract shall be the date when the court of first instance or the arbitration institution confirms that the contract is invalid.

analysis

For losses that are confirmed to be invalid before the expiration of the contract performance period, the initial confirmation date (that is, the confirmation date of the court of first instance or the arbitration institution) shall be taken. If the parties refuse to accept the appeal, the confirmation has no legal effect. At this time, the date of initial confirmation still ends, which should be said to have no influence on the calculation of losses. Because if the judgment is to uphold the original judgment, the initial confirmation date will have legal effect; If the judgment is amended, there will be no problem of invalid contract and no need to calculate invalid losses.

42. When the subject matter of an invalid contract cannot be returned or cannot be returned in full, the actual loss of the invalid contract shall be determined according to the market price of the subject matter at the time when the invalid contract is concluded.

analysis

When the subject matter of an invalid contract cannot be returned or cannot be returned in full, attention should be paid to the calculated price of the subject matter when calculating the actual loss of the invalid contract. The invalid contract is not recognized by law, and the price of the subject matter stipulated in the contract is naturally invalid. Therefore, the loss cannot be calculated by the price of the subject matter stipulated in the invalid contract. There is no legal basis to calculate the loss according to the market price of the same or similar subject matter when the court handles the invalid contract dispute, because the market price varies greatly with the change of time and different regions, and often either makes one party to the invalid contract profit or aggravates the loss. In addition, the price of the subject matter obtained by the third party, whether it is lower than the price stipulated in the invalid contract or higher than the price stipulated in the invalid contract, cannot be used as the basis for calculating the loss. A more reasonable approach should be based on the market price of the subject matter when concluding an invalid contract.

43, only when there is a causal relationship between the loss and the fault of the invalid contract, the actor should bear the corresponding liability for compensation.

analysis

Causality in compensation for invalid contract means that there is a causal relationship between one party’s illegal behavior and the damage result of the other party. The loss caused by the invalidation of the contract must be caused by the illegal behavior of the party that caused the invalidation of the contract, that is, there is a causal relationship between the loss and the fault that caused the invalidation of the contract. Only when there is a causal relationship between the two, the actor should bear the corresponding civil liability. In practice, determining the causal relationship between loss and invalid contract includes both the conclusion of invalid contract and the violation of the principle of good faith by the parties during the performance of the contract. Losses unrelated to the conclusion and performance of the contract cannot be included in the scope of compensation. That is to say, the parties should distinguish their respective responsibilities according to the degree of violation of the principle of good faith, and share the losses according to their respective faults.

44. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the limitation of action shall apply to the claim for compensation for losses.

analysis

After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the contractual relationship between the parties no longer exists, and the compensation liability of the parties is obviously not based on the violation of the valid contract, nor is the victim’s claim for compensation based on the contractual rights. The right of claim is based on the fault in contracting. The right of claim for contracting fault is the right of claim for creditor’s rights, and the limitation of action should be applied. Source: the Supreme People’s Court Judicial Case Research Institute, Law 45 Degree, Shanghai No.2 Intermediate People’s Court.

Original title: Analysis on the Application Points of the Rules for Handling Invalid Contracts in the Civil Code

Read the original text

CCTV News:High temperature means that the maximum daily temperature reaches above 35℃. If the high temperature lasts for more than three days, it is called high temperature heat wave. How to protect yourself in hot and hot weather? Please refer to the following protection guide.

Guangxi: Many people suffer from heatstroke within 20 days, so beware of heat shock.

Since May, many southern cities have started the "steamer mode". In Nanning, Guangxi, since May 26th, a total of 76 people have called the 120 hotline for help due to heatstroke. According to experts, when the temperature is 35.6℃ and the relative humidity is 45%, the human body will feel the high temperature of 40℃; If the relative humidity reaches 65%, the somatosensory temperature will approach 50℃. Continuous high temperature will make people feel uncomfortable, and the incidence of heatstroke, intestinal diseases and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases will increase.

Deng Shuangchang, Head of Training Department of Nanning Emergency Medical Center, Guangxi:Generally speaking, the elderly are weak, sweating less, the heat dissipation function will decrease, and they are more prone to heatstroke.

Replenish water and electrolyte in time after sweating heavily.

According to experts, after sweating a lot, you should replenish water and electrolyte in time. Once symptoms such as thirst, sweating, nausea and fatigue appear, it is necessary to cool down as soon as possible and seek medical attention in time, otherwise it may develop into heatstroke, and patients may be comatose due to persistent high fever, and in severe cases, they will face risks such as heart failure and liver and kidney failure.

　　Work with certificates

　　The first batch of licensed artists will be selected and employed later this month.

　　anyone who made a good enough score can be accepted.

　　The first batch of 100 places, 242 individuals and 114 teams signed up.

　　Standardized management

　　The schedule, location and content of the performance time should be managed, and a commitment letter will be signed with relevant departments, which will be audited every year to survive the fittest.

　　On March 28th this year, Chengdu Wenguang New Bureau officially announced the first batch of 30 pilot sites for street art performances in 2018. The street performers who meet the requirements will be certified after selection in late April. According to the current data, the first batch of 100 places, more than 300 individuals and teams signed up.

　　Street art is an important part of urban culture, and street performance is the most dynamic and active part of street culture. But for a long time, street performances were regarded as disturbing the order of urban management and were rejected. After the reunification, how can it overcome its own shortcomings and become a part of the urban landscape?

　　End of recruitment:

　　The first batch of "admission rate" is less than 30%

　　After approval, interviews and training will be conducted.

　　On March 23 this year, on the basis of extensive investigation and soliciting opinions from relevant urban areas, Chengdu Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Film and Television Press and Publication announced the first batch of 30 pilot sites for street art performances in 2018. According to the "Announcement on the First Pilot Sites of Chengdu Street Art Performance in 2018", these 30 pilot sites are located in Chunxi Road, Lan Kwai Fong, Tianfu Square, etc. in Chengdu, which basically covers the places with the most street performances in Chengdu at present.

　　As of April 20th, the recruitment of buskers has ended, with the first batch of 100 places, with 242 individuals and 114 teams signing up. Chengdu Cultural Center will organize experts in related fields to review the applicants’ conditions. After the examination, there will be an interview, and then the selected street performers will be trained. After the training, they can perform at the point.

　　A person in charge of the Chengdu Cultural Center told the reporter, "When recruiting, there will be certain requirements on the age and performance content of the applicants. The selection criteria are suitable for most people, but mainly depends on the performance level, including some street performers who have already performed on the street." "We must manage the schedule, location and content of the performance time."

　　The selected buskers will sign a letter of commitment with the relevant departments, stipulating that they should not be absent at will during the performance. The performance time of street performers is arranged on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays (16: 00 ~ 18: 00) and (19: 00 ~ 21: 00), and the performance time at specific points is adjusted according to the actual situation.

　　It is understood that certified street performers in Chengdu will be audited every year, and those who are excellent will be rewarded, and those who are poor will be eliminated. "There are limited places during the pilot period, but in the long run, street performers will gradually become a huge group." The person in charge of Chengdu Music Industry Office (hereinafter referred to as "Music Production Office") told the reporter.

　　Once the embarrassment of the street

　　Whenever the lights are on, music and songs soar with the mist of Jinjiang, and the bar street of Jiuyanqiao in Chengdu has entered the most lively moment of the day. Across the river from here, on the east riverside road, street performers with guitars and speakers, together with Bar Street, construct the cultural symbol of Nine Eyes Bridge. Since last year, the riverbank along the east riverside road in Chengdu has become a place for Guangdong singers to perform in the streets in June. Many citizens who like music and even foreign tourists come here in the night. Around 8 pm, the people on the river bank are full one after another. The performance in June is very simple, with a guitar and a partner playing African drums.

　　"Be ready to withdraw at any time"

　　The sound of music can only be heard on the riverbank. Soon scattered banknotes were piled up in the yellow guitar bag, and passers-by took the initiative to walk over and asked if they could sing two songs.

　　The sound suddenly stopped. A uniformed chengguan came straight, made some representations, quietly held the guitar in his hand in June, and watched the chengguan go away. He said that he had long been used to this embarrassing encounter. During the break, I talked about it in June. He usually stays in the bar or runs a business performance, but he will perform in this fixed place for an hour or two every night.

　　Since 2014, he has wandered the streets of many cities across the country to perform for passers-by, feeling that the atmosphere in Chengdu is better. "Passers-by in the past will recognize you in various ways." Like many street performers, even though there are many spectators, they can’t get rid of the constraints of urban management. "In fact, I understand very well that there is no clear norm for street performances, and everyone is not good."

　　25-year-old Hu Da is also a frequent visitor to Jiuyan Bridge. At 9: 00 pm on April 19, the urban management came. He stopped singing half of the songs, took his guitar and speakers, walked in the direction of Hejiang Pavilion for a while, looked back, and after confirming "safety", he put the equipment on the side of the road. "You can sing a few songs, so be ready to withdraw at any time."

　　Street performances in Chengdu are "scattered, chaotic and of low quality"

　　The well-known "Folk Masters" team has been performing in Kuanzhai Lane all the year round. Yang Guang, the founder of the team, said that because the team has been creating and promoting original folk songs, the Kuanzhai Lane management company found them to perform in Kuanzhai Lane. However, such a model is a minority after all. The publicity of the selection of street performers summed up the scattered, chaotic and low-quality street performances in Chengdu. "To tell you the truth, street performers are in a mess now, because the city management department doesn’t allow them to perform at will, so there are only ‘ Shoot a gun and change a place ’ 。” A person in charge of the audio production office told the reporter.

　　Unlike most street performers, the "Folk Master" team performing in Kuanzhai Lane did not open the box to receive a "reward". Yang Guang, the founder of the team, said that the government can attach importance to street culture, and he and his team members are very happy. "Especially those who do original promotion like us can communicate with the public within three meters."

　　Problems to be solved now

　　"I’m just a guitar singer. How did I become a busker?" Li Zhonglan, 27, is a little embarrassed, because playing guitar is just a hobby, and his strength is not up to the level of an artist. He even thinks that playing and singing at friends’ parties is ok, and he gets a little stage fright when he goes to the street. However, in order to earn some "outside water", after the Spring Festival this year, he began to bring his guitar to perform in the street, and the location chose Jiuyanqiao. "There are many people there and the atmosphere is good." But in fact, what he values more is that there are many roadshows in that place, with uneven levels and no pressure.

　　"Artistic? We are too far away. "

　　On the evening of April 20th, Li Zhonglan took the subway from Guangdu to the new South Gate, then rode a bike-sharing to the singing place, sat on a stone bench on the side of the road and turned on his mobile phone to find the music score. Compared with other people who are on the road show at the same time, his audience is much smaller. There are four chords in a song, and he frequently makes mistakes, but even so, passers-by will take the trouble to scan the QR code used for payment.

　　According to many days of visits and many related WeChat groups in Chengdu, the reporter learned that more than 20 people performed on the street all the year round. Outside the Jiuyan Bridge, street performers are scattered at the gates of shopping malls, parks and residential quarters in the form of individuals. According to the introduction of members of a performance group in Chengdu, Raffles, Happy Valley and some subway stations are places that performers like to choose. "Because everyone basically aims at making money, people go wherever they want." Singer Yan Zheng said.

　　A person in charge of the Chengdu Music Production Office told the reporter, "From the current point of view, the street art form in Chengdu is too single, and it is usually based on singing and playing, and a large part of it is guitar playing and singing." Gao Yi, a singer who has been performing in the street all the year round, told reporters that this is related to the simple and easy-to-learn guitar. "From the artistic point of view, street performances are far from us."

　　How is the spring snow compatible with the street?

　　Since the recruitment of street performers, among the registered artists, there are mainly four kinds of talents, including vocal performance, instrumental performance, folk art performance and non-legacy traditional handicrafts.

　　As one of the street performers, Huang Kang, a Chinese guqin player, has many feelings. "We never thought that Guqin would play in the street. In the final analysis, there is still no such atmosphere." For Huang Kang and her team, giving street performers a legal identity provides them with an opportunity to face the public. "Our literature and art should still approach the common people, no matter how elegant you are, change customs and be good at music. To be honest, we didn’t have such awareness in the past. " The street performance is just around the corner, and Huang Kang claims that what he is considering now is how Guqin should behave in the street. "How to keep pace with the times and make others understand."

　　Tang Zheng, a "post-60 s" freelance musician who signed up for a busker’s license, is no stranger to street art. "Many foreign street performers simply like to share music on the street, and the performers even have the chief violinist of the art troupe."

　　Guarantee quality? Guaranteed livelihood?

　　Although it has already laid its own brand on the streets of Chengdu, there is still some concern in June: if the quality of performances is overemphasized, people who are currently performing in the streets will be greatly affected.

　　A singer who runs in a bar told reporters that there are more and more people performing on the streets of Chengdu. Apart from the good atmosphere, another factor is that the bar earns too little money. A singer who stays in a bar for one night gets a reward of 100~200 yuan, while singing on the roadside, it is normal to earn more than 200 yuan for three or four hours a night.

　　But in fact, many applicants are not buskers. In June, he said, "If only the good ones are selected, few of these places will really fall on the buskers. The busker’s card should be more targeted at people who perform on the street, and it is also a channel for buskers to make a living. "

　　The person in charge of Chengdu Audio Production Office told the reporter that they had gone to Shanghai, Beijing and other places for investigation. "The advice they gave, the art category of street performance can’t just be music."

　　Because there is no Chengdu hukou and residence permit, performer Vivi gave up the selection of street performers. "This is really a big restriction for me." He said with some helplessness. He believes that these requirements virtually limit the performance space of foreign street performers and break the original ecology of street performances.

　　Chengdu Business Daily reporter Lu Wangyi Ren Hongwei

　　Photojournalist Wang Hongqiang Qin Wang

　　/sound/sound/

　　Urban culture

　　Not only in the theater but also in the streets.

　　Street performers are the normal scenery in many cities. In Paris, new york, Moscow and other European and American cities, street performers can often be seen. They either play singing affectionately or bury themselves in painting, some interact with pedestrians frequently, and some do not interfere with pedestrians. And "the master is in the folk", many street performers have a skill, and there are many "sweeping monk" roles.

　　In fact, around us, we will also see some street performers. Between different cities, the only difference lies in whether it has formed a scale, whether it has become a feature, and whether it has produced representative artists. At that time, the "Xidan Girl" was just a girl who sang in the Xidan underground passage. Because some netizens filmed and uploaded her cover "Angel’s Wings", it touched countless people and became the "online celebrity" at that time. The city of Beijing has completed the "Xidan Girl". Why didn’t the "Xidan Girl" complete Beijing and let people see the other side of the city?

　　Some people recognize the artistry of street performers and supplement and enrich urban culture; Some people think that the disorder of street performers has affected the traffic and appearance of the city. Orderliness has always been an important option in urban governance. Out of the pursuit of order, some cities are unfriendly to street performers, and it is strictly forbidden to perform in the streets. Street performers sometimes even have to "guerrilla" with urban management.

　　Urban governance should avoid falling into a single option and ignore the diversity of aesthetic needs. A city that brings people a good feeling needs an orderly side, but order does not mean rigidity or only one expression. The vitality of street performers, in many cases, makes the city show a vibrant side. The attitude towards street performers also involves the attitude of the bottom people’s livelihood.

　　Moreover, cities now generally attach importance to cultural construction. Many cities spend huge sums of money to build public cultural facilities such as the Grand Theatre, organize several large-scale cultural activities every year, and have a number of support policies for cultural enterprises and cultural talents. Of course, it is right to attach importance to culture, but is culture only reserved in the grand theater? A truly literate city should exude a cultural temperament when it gestures, and it is filled with cultural styles in the streets and alleys. A city with real cultural confidence and wisdom will definitely face up to the existence of street performers.

　　A beautiful city should be a city with culture, and urban culture should be integrated into all aspects of the city as a daily presentation. Modern cities should attach importance to street image design and cultivate their own "street culture". The mind determines the pattern, and the pattern determines the future. Give more tolerance to street performers, and this kind of mind and wisdom will bring unlimited imagination to the city. According to China Youth Daily

　　On December 24th, the Hunan Higher People’s Court held a press conference on the work of the special struggle to eliminate evils, and released the top ten highlights of the work of Hunan courts this year and the top ten typical cases of evil crimes. On the same day, the Hunan court made centralized judgments on a number of cases involving black and evil.

　　The CCTV reporter noted that Xiao Xiaoyong’s case was listed among them, and this case was also the first "black logistics" case investigated by Zhuzhou City since the launch of the special struggle against evil.

　　According to the police investigating the case, Xiao Xiaoyong came to Zhuzhou in 1993 and set up Hongyun Consignment Department, which is engaged in the cargo consignment business from Zhuzhou to Jiangxi Province. In 2000, in order to monopolize the consignment line from Zhuzhou to Jiangxi Province, Xiao Xiaoyong gathered a number of associates to smash the consignment station of his peers with knives. In the open fighting, one person was seriously injured and the other was slightly injured. Finally, he was sentenced to one year in prison by the Lusong District Court.

　　Everyone in the market knows that Xiao Xiaoyong is a "ruthless role" and dare not compete with him for the same route.

　　After being released from prison, Xiao Xiaoyong returned to his old job, and successively recruited many fellow villagers such as Jiang Mingming to join the consignment station, and instilled in them the gangster concept of "Don’t be afraid to go out and do things, you must win if you want to do things, and the company will be responsible if something goes wrong". He suppressed the competitive thugs by means of smashing and looting, forced trading, extortion, and trouble-making, and his logistics business expanded rapidly in Hetai Market in Hetang District of Zhuzhou City.

　　According to media reports, the evil forces of Hongyun Logistics headed by Xiao Xiaoyong were formed in 2007. Xiao Xiaoyong and Xiangjing Logistics Company failed to compete for the route. He found an excuse to instruct Jiang Qingguo to lead Jiang Jinping, Jiang Mingming and others to smash the facade of Xiangjing Logistics and snatch the goods of Xiangjing Logistics to get back at Xiangjing Logistics Company.

　　In order to develop and expand the illegal forces, Xiao Xiaoyong relied on Hongyun Logistics Company to develop and absorb many social idlers such as Zhang Tianpeng, and relied on the huge profits obtained by the logistics company to set foot in hotels, high-interest loans and other industries, recruiting Ma Shuilin and others as security guards of Shengshi Kangnian Hotel and carrying out violent debt collection.

　　In addition, Xiao Xiaoyong also set up a "Hi Bao" (a room dedicated to drug abuse in the hotel KTV) for a long time, providing paid escort service for the opposite sex, allowing others to take drugs for a long time, and gradually forming a underworld organization with Xiao Xiaoyong as the organization and leader, Zhang Tianpeng and other four as active participants, and 19 as other participants, including Jiang Mingming and Ma Shuilin.

　　Through trial, it was found that the organization gradually formed a monopoly position in the logistics industry in Hetang District, and engaged in illegal and criminal activities such as pornography and drugs for a long time. A total of 1 affray, 16 affray, 1 extortion, 1 gathering to disturb social order, 2 intentional destruction of public and private property, 146 drug abuse, 2 forced transactions, 1 dissemination of obscene articles and 1 false litigation were carried out, resulting in 8 minor injuries or injuries to the property of several victims. In addition, Xiao Xiaoyong raped a victim, lured, abetted and deceived many people to take drugs, and gathered several people for fornication many times.

The scene of the verdict pronounced by Lukou Court (Source: Hunan Higher People’s Court)

　　In the end, in the first instance, the court sentenced Xiao Xiaoyong to 22 years in prison, deprived of political rights for 2 years, and confiscated all his personal property on 14 counts, including the crime of organizing and leading underworld organizations, the crime of gathering people to fight, the crime of stirring up trouble, and the crime of extortion. The remaining 23 defendants were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment ranging from 1 year and 2 months to 10 years respectively.

　　For a long time, the supply of rural public goods has been seriously insufficient. On the one hand, it will restrict the development of new agricultural business entities, on the other hand, it will also stimulate the supply of public goods by new agricultural business entities. Due to the externalities of public goods, the supply of new public goods plays an important and positive role in promoting agricultural production and improving rural social welfare.

　　The "public goods" in the report of the development index survey of new agricultural business entities (Phase II) covers the construction of agricultural productive infrastructure, rural living infrastructure, rural poverty alleviation, rural education, health and culture.

　　The survey found that the current new-type agricultural business entities did play a certain role in the supply of public goods, and they were an important social force in the supply of rural public goods. There are great differences in the supply of public goods among the three types of new agricultural management entities. The leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization have the greatest supply of public goods, followed by farmers’ professional cooperatives and family farms.

　　The supply of rural public goods is relatively strong.

　　According to the survey report, among the new agricultural business entities surveyed in 2015, 897 provided public goods to rural areas, accounting for 35.32% of the valid samples. It can be seen that the proportion of new agricultural business entities supplying public goods is still considerable. At the same time, the supply of public goods for new agricultural management entities is also relatively large. According to the survey, in 2015, the average amount of each new agricultural business entity used for the supply of rural public goods was 202,500 yuan, accounting for 2.54% of its sales revenue. Compared with the government’s expenditure on rural public utilities, the supply of public goods by new agricultural management entities is also quite large. According to the amount of new agricultural business entities used for the supply of rural public goods, it can be calculated that the total amount of new agricultural business entities used for the supply of rural public goods in 2015 was 234.4 billion yuan. In 2015, the total financial expenditure on rural public utilities in China was 1,348.91 billion yuan, and the amount of new agricultural business entities used for the supply of public goods accounted for 17.38% of the government’s financial expenditure on rural public utilities. It can be seen that the new agricultural business entities have played a very important role in the supply of rural public goods in China.

　　Among the three types of new agricultural business entities, the probability of providing rural public goods is in descending order: agricultural industrialization leading enterprises, farmers’ professional cooperatives and family farms. Among the leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization surveyed, 210 provide public goods to local rural areas, accounting for 70.00% of the valid samples; Among the farmers’ professional cooperatives surveyed, 410 have provided public goods to local rural areas, accounting for 40.63% of the valid samples; Among the family farms surveyed, 285 provided public goods to the local countryside, accounting for 22.75% of the valid samples. As far as the degree of supply is concerned, the degree of supply of public goods by leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization is also much higher than that of family farms. In 2015, the average amount of public goods provided by leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization was about 478,000 yuan, and the average amount of public goods provided by family farms was about 0.53 million yuan. It can be seen that the average amount of public goods paid by leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization was close to 90 times that paid by family farms. Further analysis shows that this difference is closely related to the geographical location, human capital level and business scale of the new agricultural management entities. The higher the level of human capital and the larger the scale of operation, the greater the probability that the new agricultural business entities located in the western region will supply public goods.

　　Vertically, the supply of rural public goods, the main body of new agricultural management, is increasing year by year. Taking family farms as an example, in 2015, the average amount of family farms used to supply rural public goods was 5300 yuan, but in 2016 it increased to 12600 yuan, an increase of 137.74%.

　　Achieve 13% to 19% rural labor employment.

　　In 2015, among the new agricultural business entities surveyed, 1,705 provided employment opportunities, accounting for 78% of the valid samples. In addition, each new agricultural business entity employed 37.11 people on average. According to this calculation, the new agricultural management entities have provided 84,963,800 jobs for rural residents. According to China Statistical Yearbook 2015, in 2014, the rural resident population in China was 618.66 million, of which the working population was 454.0964 million. This means that the new agricultural business entities can promote the employment transfer of 19% rural labor force. Excluding temporary jobs, the number of jobs provided by each new agricultural business entity is 25.66, and the total number of jobs provided by new agricultural business entities in China is about 58.76 million, accounting for 13% of the rural labor force.

　　As far as the number of employment opportunities provided is concerned, family farms mainly provide temporary employment, and the total number of jobs they provide is higher than that of leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization, but the number of long-term jobs is far lower than that of leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization. In addition, the employment opportunities provided by leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization are not only large in quantity but also good in quality. Most leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization have purchased medical insurance and endowment insurance for the rural labor force they employ. Among the leading agricultural industrialization enterprises surveyed, 216 purchased medical insurance and endowment insurance for the rural labor force they employed in 2015, accounting for 75.26% of the valid samples; The average amount of medical insurance and endowment insurance paid by each leading agricultural industrialization enterprise for the rural labor force it employs is about 379,400 yuan.

　　Generally speaking, the employment-driven ability of new agricultural business entities is closely related to the level of informationization, geographical location, human capital level and business scale. The new agricultural business entities with higher level of informatization, located in the eastern region, higher level of human capital and larger scale of operation are more likely to provide jobs for rural labor.

　　More than half of the standardized production is implemented.

　　At present, China’s agricultural products market is threatened by frequent food safety accidents, backward production, management and sales standards of agricultural products and weakened international competitiveness of agricultural products. Promoting agricultural standardization is helpful to ensure the quality and consumption safety of agricultural products, promote the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements and promote industrial management, and is also an important means to raise the standard threshold of China, enhance the international competitiveness of agricultural products and regulate the import and export of agricultural products. As one of the carriers and ways of modern agricultural development in China, new agricultural management entities play an important role in the implementation and promotion of agricultural standardization strategy.

　　In 2015, among the new agricultural business entities surveyed, there were 1450 new agricultural business entities that implemented standardized production, accounting for 57% of the valid samples. That is to say, at this stage, most new agricultural business entities have implemented standardized production. As far as a single subject is concerned, the scale of standardized production is also considerable. Take planting or forest family farms as an example. In 2015, the average standardized production scale of each family farm was 172 mu, accounting for 60% of the business scale of its main products. From this, it can be considered that the new agricultural management subject is the key force to improve the quality of agricultural products and is of great significance to effectively promote the reform of agricultural supply-side structure.

　　However, at present, the level of production standards implemented by new agricultural business entities is not very high, mainly based on industry standards and local standards. Take farmers’ professional cooperatives as an example. Among farmers’ professional cooperatives that have implemented standardized production, most of the standards implemented are industry standards and local standards, and the proportion of national standards is relatively small. Take farmers’ professional cooperatives as an example. Among the farmers’ professional cooperatives surveyed, the proportion of implementing industry standards and local standards is 34.24% and 33.88% respectively, which is about 10 percentage points higher than that of implementing national standards. In addition, some farmers’ professional cooperatives implement enterprise standards and their own standards, accounting for 15% and 24% respectively.

　　The investigation found that the specific measures for farmers’ professional cooperatives to implement standardized production mainly include improving the product standard system, publicizing and training standardized production, standardizing the use of agricultural products inputs, detecting the quality and safety of agricultural products, and establishing agricultural products production records; The specific measures for leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization to implement production standardization mainly include building high-standard raw material bases, strengthening inspection and quarantine, and actively participating in quality control system certification.

　　Cultivate new agricultural formats

　　Promoting the integration of rural industries and realizing the mutual penetration and coordinated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries is an important way to accelerate the transformation of agricultural development mode and promote agricultural modernization. Compared with traditional farmers, the new agricultural business entities are more closely linked with the prenatal and postnatal links, so they may play a more important role in promoting the integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries.

　　For family farms, this report regards the comprehensive management of primary, secondary and tertiary industries as the integration of tertiary industries; For farmers’ professional cooperatives, this report regards the integration of supply and production, production and marketing, production and supply and marketing as the integration of three industries; For leading enterprises, this report regards "enterprise+farmer", "enterprise+base+farmer" and "enterprise+enterprise+farmer" as the integration of three industries.

　　In 2015, among the new agricultural business entities surveyed, there were 1285 companies that implemented the integration of three industries, accounting for 49% of the valid samples.

　　Among them, the integration of production and marketing is the main way for farmers’ professional cooperatives to integrate the three industries. The survey shows that 47% of farmers’ professional cooperatives have integrated production and marketing, which is 5 percentage points higher than that of those who have integrated production, supply and marketing, and 37 percentage points higher than that of those who have integrated supply and marketing. The main way for leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization to integrate the three industries is "enterprise+base+farmers". The survey found that 59% of the leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization implemented the mode of "integration of three industries", which was 35 percentage points higher than that of "enterprise+farmer" and 47 percentage points higher than that of "enterprise+enterprise+farmer".

　　In the process of promoting the integration of the three industries, many new agricultural formats have been derived from the new agricultural business entities. Taking farmers’ professional cooperatives as an example, among the farmers’ professional cooperatives surveyed, 558 have developed new agricultural formats, accounting for 56% of the effective samples. Therefore, at present, half of farmers’ professional cooperatives are engaged in new agricultural operations. Among farmers’ professional cooperatives engaged in new business operations, ecological agriculture accounts for the highest proportion, accounting for 52%; Followed by circular agriculture, accounting for 24%; The third is seed agriculture, accounting for 23%; Leisure agriculture again, accounting for 21%; Finally, exhibition agriculture, accounting for 8%.

　　According to the survey results, the median income of leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization, farmers’ professional cooperatives and family farms in 2015 was 3 million yuan, 600,000 yuan and 180,000 yuan respectively. It is further estimated that the agricultural output value created by new agricultural operators in 2015 was about 686.82 billion yuan, while the agricultural output value in China in 2015 was 107057 billion yuan, so the agricultural output value created by new agricultural operators in 2015 has accounted for 6.41% of the national agricultural output value. On the whole, the development level of new agricultural management entities in China is not very high, and there is much room for improvement. But vertically, the income of agricultural-related business of new agricultural management entities has an upward trend. Taking family farms as an example, the median operating income of agricultural-related businesses was 150,000 yuan in 2014, and it increased to 180,000 yuan in 2015, an increase of 20%. (Economic Daily, China Economic Trend Research Institute, New Agricultural Management Subject Research Group)

　　Zhongxin Finance, January 12 (Zuo Yukun) In 2018, Vanke, the head housing company, put forward the slogan of "live", which was also considered to be a worry for good students. Unexpectedly, the cautious "one word" has become the "collective anxiety" of the whole industry.

　　More than 80% of typical housing enterprises have not completed the annual target in 2021, and "surviving" has become the main proposition of the real estate industry.

　　The goal failed, and the head housing enterprises were defeated.

　　According to the data released by the real estate data platform Kerui, the target completion rate of the top 100 real estate enterprises in 2021 is far less than that of the same period in history. More than 80% of the large-scale real estate enterprises that disclose their annual performance targets have not completed their targets.

　　This year, from the centralized land supply on the land side and the three red lines on the financing side to the massive tightening of the mortgage side, regulation and control have hobbled the industry. For housing enterprises, sales difficulties, payment difficulties, falling profits, and even debt default, capital chain break, layoffs and salary cuts have become a straw on camels.

　　According to the statistics of the Central Finger Research Institute, from the perspective of 32 typical real estate enterprises that announced their sales targets, Evergrande was at the bottom with a completion rate of only 61.5%. Before the storm, Evergrande also handed over its report card in 2020, which exceeded its target by 108.3%. Capital Land ranked second from the bottom, only achieving 68.3% of the target of 80 billion yuan.

　　The performance of Country Garden, Vanke and Sunac, the leading housing enterprises with the top three sales in the whole year, was not satisfactory, with the target completion rates of 88.9%, 78.5% and 93.4% respectively, which were not up to standard and were in the middle and rear position among 32 housing enterprises.

　　Image source: Middle Finger Research Institute

　　Vanke, which has not disclosed its sales target for many years, rarely set a flag of 790 billion yuan in 2021. This figure exceeded its sales performance by 12% in 2020, but only 78.5% was completed in the end, directly pulling Vanke, which has not yet gained a foothold in the 700 billion+camp, back to the 600 billion ranks again.

　　In November, an internal proposal of Vanke was circulated on the Internet. Vanke, who once shouted "Live", once again advocated "frugality" and created a "wartime atmosphere".

　　But this time, Vanke is no longer "one person". In December, LAM Raymond, CEO and executive director of Xuhui Holding Group, also issued a document saying: "Real estate has entered the bronze age, which is an ice age and CAMBRIAN, so we should prepare for a long winter."

　　The waist is strong, and small and medium-sized housing enterprises enter the Xiuluo field.

　　It is embarrassing for a large number of enterprises to "return to bronze", which also makes the housing enterprises that have achieved their sales targets more interesting.

　　Of the 32 housing enterprises, only 6 have achieved their sales targets, namely Greentown China, Binjiang Group, Yuexiu Property, Dafa Property, Zhengrong Group and China Resources Land, all of which are large waist housing enterprises. Among them, Greentown China, Binjiang Group and Dafa Real Estate "submitted papers in advance", and completed the annual target in November.

　　According to the announcement, in 2021, Greentown achieved sales exceeding 350.9 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of about 21%. In 2021, the cumulative sales amount of Binjiang Group was 169.1 billion yuan, up by 24% year-on-year, and their target completion rates reached 113.2% and 112.8% respectively.

　　The biggest thing that these two outstanding "top students" have in common is that they all belong to Zhejiang real estate enterprises. From the two projects in 2021, it is not difficult to find that the layout strategy focusing on Hangzhou is the key to the contrarian rise in sales performance of the two housing enterprises.

　　Hangzhou property market, which is in full swing, is still out of the independent market this year: the turnover of new houses is nearly 190 thousand sets, a new high of nearly five years; The annual sales exceeded 620 billion yuan, setting a new record of 450 billion yuan in 2020.

　　Dafa Real Estate is the only real estate enterprise that has achieved its sales target without exceeding 100 billion yuan. The remaining five housing enterprises that have not entered the "Billion Club" are Hongyang Real Estate, Yincheng International, Fantasia Year, Contemporary Real Estate and Capital Real Estate. These five "he is my brother" not only failed to reach the industry average, but also included two domestic enterprises, namely Fantasia and Contemporary Home Purchase.

　　Scale and capital, profit and liabilities seem to have become the curse of small and medium-sized housing enterprises. Yan Yuejin, research director of the think tank center of Yiju Research Institute, said that studying new market opportunities in the post-epidemic era is an important logic for small and medium-sized housing enterprises to seek survival.

　　In the era of negative growth, what can housing enterprises do?

　　All of the above proves that the real estate industry is facing a major reshuffle. The once "Bi Wan Heng" top three pattern was broken with Sunac’s joining and Evergrande’s falling behind, and the threshold of the top three was gradually lowered.

　　According to the data of the Central Finger Research Institute, in 2021, Country Garden, Vanke and Sunac ranked in the top three with accumulated sales of 758.82 billion yuan, 620.3 billion yuan and 597.6 billion yuan respectively, totaling 1,976.7 billion yuan. Compared with 2020, the sales of Country Garden, Evergrande and Vanke reached 788.81 billion yuan, 703.8 billion yuan and 701.1 billion yuan, respectively, shrinking significantly.

　　The weakness of the "leader" also made the change of the industry market unexpected.

　　According to the annual sales ranking released by Kerui on December 31, the annual sales of the top 100 real estate enterprises in 2021 totaled 11.08 trillion yuan, down 3.5% year-on-year. The total sales of the rights and interests of the top 100 real estate enterprises in 2021 was 8.88 trillion yuan, a year-on-year negative growth of 6%.

　　The last time the real estate industry showed an obvious downward trend, it went back to 2008. Ding Zuyu, CEO of Yiju Enterprise Group, believes that the real estate industry has bid farewell to the "platinum era" and entered the "zero growth era".

　　Fortunately, the regulatory authorities have not turned a blind eye to the unfavorable situation of the development of the real estate industry. Since September 2021, they have repeatedly released rectification signals. From the central economic work conference to "better meet the reasonable housing needs of buyers" and "promote a virtuous circle of real estate industry", to the official mention of "real estate is a pillar industry", it is undoubtedly a shot in the arm for the disheartened industry.

　　This also makes the previous year the end of the year and the beginning of the traditional winter break of the property market. There are still many ways to relax the supervision of pre-sale funds, subsidize the purchase of houses by talents, and issue a "limit order". Major developers frequently promote and push goods.

　　It seems that the property market in 2022 will still not be ordinary. (End)